Showing posts with label circuits. Show all posts
Showing posts with label circuits. Show all posts
Technology is rapidly growing in the world.There might be some day in which things happen like self healing of electronics from damages due to temperature issues. The day is not so far..!!
University of Illinois engineers were able to create a method in which electronics with damaged circuits would be able to automatically repair themselves.The another shocking thing in this is that they are going to heal themselves with in 100 microseconds (100x10^-6 sec).
So in the upcoming years all the electronic gadgets uses this type of technology so that the gadgets will have long life and more durable.
The self healing technology involves creating circuits with gold lining and a layer of micro capsules. The damage for the circuits is mainly due to temperature effect. i.e circuits will get heated up and the heat will damage or cracks the circuit.
When such things happen due to temperature the microcapsules will automatically disperse themselves into the cracks, filling the gap and restoring conductivity to the circuit.
A Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) is an oscillating circuit whose output frequency changes in direct proportion to an input voltage. VCOs can be made to oscillate from a few Hertz to hundreds of GHz. Every wireless device in use today has some sort of voltage controlled oscillator inside it. For example, there is a least one VCO inside every cell phone that generates the Radio Frequency (RF) waves that are used to communicate by-directionally to the cell tower.
Here today i am going to share Voltage Controlled Oscillator circuit using IC-555 timer.
It is basically an Astable Multivibrator circuit with variable control voltage.We know that internally set voltage at the control voltage terminal is 2/3 Vcc. In this circuit, the control voltage is externally set by the potentiometer. With change in the control voltage, the upper threshold voltage changes and thus the time required to charge capacitor up-to upper threshold voltage changes . Similarly discharge time also changes.As a result the frequency of output voltage changes.
It is basically an Astable Multivibrator circuit with variable control voltage.We know that internally set voltage at the control voltage terminal is 2/3 Vcc. In this circuit, the control voltage is externally set by the potentiometer. With change in the control voltage, the upper threshold voltage changes and thus the time required to charge capacitor up-to upper threshold voltage changes . Similarly discharge time also changes.As a result the frequency of output voltage changes.
If the control voltage is increased the capacitor will take more time to charge and discharge and therefore frequency will decrease. On the other hand if control voltage is decreased the capacitor will take less time to charge and discharge, increasing the frequency of output signal. Thus by varying the control voltage we can change the frequency.
One will accept that if i say that world today is totally dependent on the field of Electronics for almost all matters. And the electronic technology we use can be made simplified for our daily life activities.
Today i am going to show one such idea i.e. simplified battery using lemon.
Basically when two dissimilar metals are suspended in acid it forms the battery. So i am preparing a battery which is called as lemon battery.
Lemon contains citric acid and when two wires are connected across it we should get some voltage.
But the voltage we get is very small. And this experiment can be done on other items also like tomato etc which contains acid content in it. The voltage we get for different items are different. And if you ask what is use when small voltage is present as it is not capable of lighting a single bulb also?
But this voltage can be increased but connecting more and more lemons in series so that the voltage produced across them will be large enough to lit a bulb. And i have my first video tutorial on this experiment. You can see the proof of this post by watching the below video. :)
share this post and add your valuable comments.
Hi friends today i am going to introduce you the National Instruments PCB design and Simulation software.
Using this software you can create any circuit designs and simulate them and check out weather the circuit is correct or not.You can learn how to build your own circuits.
There are many software's for designing a circuit but among all of them NI is ultimate one and it has all the features to use.
Recently NI has released a latest version of Multisim and Ultiboard that is v11.0.2 it has all the features for anyone who wants to design a circuit.The working speed is increased in this version.
This Multisim has features as many as 20,000+ components.
With more than 2,500 new devices and updates, Multisim 11.0.2 features a major increase in its component database. This latest release equips you with new symbols, SPICE models and footprints so you can design, validate and prototype more in less time.
Here are some of the screen shots of v11.0.2 :-
With this software you will get some of the sample design circuits which you see them and learn.
Some new features added in this version are:
Easier Capture with New Schematic Net System
Improved Visualization with Grapher Enhancements
Enhanced Analog SPICE Simulation Features
New NI Example Finder
New Programmable Logic Design from Schematic
You can download this software here:
For professionals Click here.
For Educators Click here.
For Students Click here.
Author: Srihari Rao Location: Karnataka, India
Srihari Rao is a student currently pursuing his Diploma in Electronics and Communication in Bellary, Karnataka, India.. He is very interested in Electronics and technology based subjects and Blogging. This Blog helps you to know more about the Electronics, Technology and many more..
Thе science-inspired toys ar perfect fοr kids whο Ɩіkе tο tinker wіth toys tο see hοw thеу work аnԁ delight іn assembling things Ɩіkе LEGO οr models. Thеѕе сοοƖ toys allow уουr child tο connect a few pieces аnԁ wires using simple-tο-follow diagrams tο mаkе lots οf fаѕсіnаtіnɡ projects Ɩіkе working doorbells, fans, motors аnԁ alarms!
I know circuit boards аnԁ wires mау sound a bit scary аnԁ overwhelming, bυt thеѕе toys ar a реrfесtƖу safe сhοісе fοr children аѕ young аѕ four. In fact, thе snap circuit toys bу Elenco hаνе earned several awards fοr thеіr safe аnԁ educational elements.
One οf thе things I Ɩіkе mοѕt аbουt thеѕе fаntаѕtіс toys іѕ thаt thеу саn grow wіth уουr child tοο. Once уου child hаѕ down thеѕе projects, thеу саn ɡο up tο thе Ɩаrɡеr more complicated circuit boards.
Thеrе ar аƖѕο extra “build уουr οwn” kits thаt уουr child mіɡht Ɩіkе. Instead οf mаkіnɡ projects directly οn thе circuit board Ɩіkе lights аnԁ sounds, kids саn construct thеіr very οwn stand alone projects Ɩіkе a motion detector, musical recorder,аn FM radio etc.
Electronic Snap Circuits аrе a fаntаѕtіс way tο inspire a child’s imagination, encourage hіm οr hеr tο bе concerned іn science аnԁ provides thеm wіth a rіɡht sense οf wonder іn hοw things work.
And here is a video of Demo Snap Circuits Green:
Author: Srihari Rao Location: Karnataka, India
Srihari Rao is a student currently pursuing his Diploma in Electronics and Communication in Bellary, Karnataka, India.. He is very interested in Electronics and technology based subjects and Blogging. This Blog helps you to know more about the Electronics, Technology and many more..
Srihari Rao is a student currently pursuing his Diploma in Electronics and Communication in Bellary, Karnataka, India.. He is very interested in Electronics and technology based subjects and Blogging. This Blog helps you to know more about the Electronics, Technology and many more..
"Logic circuit is an electric circuit whose output depends upon the input in a way that can be expressed as a function in symbolic logic; it has one or more binary inputs (capable of assuming either of two states, e.x:- "on" or "off") and a single binary output".
Electronic circuits which process information encoded as one of a limited set of voltage or current levels. Logic circuits are the basic building blocks used to realize consumer and industrial products that incorporate digital electronics. Such products include digital computers, video games, voice synthesizers, pocket calculators, and robot controls. All logic circuits may be described in terms of three fundamental elements..
Logic circuits can be built from any binary electric or electronic devices, including switches, relays, electron tubes, solid-state diodes, and transistors; the choice depends upon the application and design requirements..
Logic circuits are classified into two categories.They are:-
1.Combinational Logic circuit.
2.Sequential Logic circuit.
1.Combinational Logic Circuits:-
These are the circuits whose output depends on the function of input only at that instant..The Combinational circuit does not have the memory to store the output..
Ex:- Adders,Subtractors etc.,.
A combinational circuit consists of input variables, logic gates, and output variables. The logic gates accept signals from inputs and output signals are generated according to the logic circuits employed in it. Binary information from the given data transforms to desired output data in this process. Both input and output are obviously the binary signals, i.e., both the input and output signals are of two possible states, logic 1 and logic 0.There are 'n' number of input variables coming from an electric source and 'm' number of output signals go to an external destination. The source and/or destination may consist of memory elements or sequential logic circuit or shift registers, located either in the vicinity of the combinational logic circuit or in a remote external location. But the external circuit does not interfere in the behavior of the combinational circuit.
Combination Logic Circuits are made up from basic logic NAND, NOR or NOT gates that are "combined" or connected together to produce more complicated switching circuits. These logic gates are the building blocks of combinational logic circuits. An example of a combinational circuit is a decoder, which converts the binary code data present at its input into a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent decimal code at its output.
Combinational logic circuits can be very simple or very complicated and any combinational circuit can be implemented with only NAND and NOR gates as these are classed as "universal" gates. The three main ways of specifying the function of a combinational logic circuit are:
As combination logic circuits are made up from individual logic gates only, they can also be considered as "decision making circuits" and combinational logic is about combining logic gates together to process two or more signals in order to produce at least one output signal according to the logical function of each logic gate. Common combinational circuits made up from individual logic gates that carry out a desired application include Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Encoders, Decoders,etc.
Multiplexer(mux) :- Multiplexer is a device that allows the digital information from several sources to be routed on to a single line from transmitter to the reciever..The basic multiplexer has several data input lines and a single output line..It also has the select input which permits the digital data or any one of the input to be switched to the output line..Multiplexers are also called as "DATA SELECTORS".
De-Multiplexer(de-mux) :- De-multiplexer is a device which performs the reverse function of Multiplexer.It takes the digital information from a single line and distributes to a given number of output lines..
Encoders :- Encoder is a combinational circuit which converts the decimal or octal to the coded form such as BCD.
2.Sequential circuits:-
These are the circuits whose output depends on the present input as well as the past output..The sequential Logic circuits have memory to store the output..Ex:-Flipflops,Registers,Counters,Shift Registers etc.,.
*Asynchronous Counter
*Synchronous Counter
* Asynchronous Counter :-In Asynchronous Counter the first flipflop is clocked by an external clock pulse and then each successive flipflop is clocked by the output of the previous Flipflop.Therefore in this counterthe flipflops are not clocked simultaneously..Asynchronous Counter is also called as Ripple Counter..
*Synchronous Counter :-In Synchronous Counter the clock input is connected to all the flipflops and thus they are clocked simultaneously..
Shift Register :-Group of flipflops used where the data is stored and shifted from one Flipflop to the another Flipflop is called as Shift Register..
Electronic circuits which process information encoded as one of a limited set of voltage or current levels. Logic circuits are the basic building blocks used to realize consumer and industrial products that incorporate digital electronics. Such products include digital computers, video games, voice synthesizers, pocket calculators, and robot controls. All logic circuits may be described in terms of three fundamental elements..
Logic circuits can be built from any binary electric or electronic devices, including switches, relays, electron tubes, solid-state diodes, and transistors; the choice depends upon the application and design requirements..
Logic circuits are classified into two categories.They are:-
1.Combinational Logic circuit.
2.Sequential Logic circuit.
1.Combinational Logic Circuits:-
These are the circuits whose output depends on the function of input only at that instant..The Combinational circuit does not have the memory to store the output..
Ex:- Adders,Subtractors etc.,.
A combinational circuit consists of input variables, logic gates, and output variables. The logic gates accept signals from inputs and output signals are generated according to the logic circuits employed in it. Binary information from the given data transforms to desired output data in this process. Both input and output are obviously the binary signals, i.e., both the input and output signals are of two possible states, logic 1 and logic 0.There are 'n' number of input variables coming from an electric source and 'm' number of output signals go to an external destination. The source and/or destination may consist of memory elements or sequential logic circuit or shift registers, located either in the vicinity of the combinational logic circuit or in a remote external location. But the external circuit does not interfere in the behavior of the combinational circuit.
Combination Logic Circuits are made up from basic logic NAND, NOR or NOT gates that are "combined" or connected together to produce more complicated switching circuits. These logic gates are the building blocks of combinational logic circuits. An example of a combinational circuit is a decoder, which converts the binary code data present at its input into a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent decimal code at its output.
Combinational logic circuits can be very simple or very complicated and any combinational circuit can be implemented with only NAND and NOR gates as these are classed as "universal" gates. The three main ways of specifying the function of a combinational logic circuit are:
As combination logic circuits are made up from individual logic gates only, they can also be considered as "decision making circuits" and combinational logic is about combining logic gates together to process two or more signals in order to produce at least one output signal according to the logical function of each logic gate. Common combinational circuits made up from individual logic gates that carry out a desired application include Multiplexers, De-multiplexers, Encoders, Decoders,etc.
Multiplexer(mux) :- Multiplexer is a device that allows the digital information from several sources to be routed on to a single line from transmitter to the reciever..The basic multiplexer has several data input lines and a single output line..It also has the select input which permits the digital data or any one of the input to be switched to the output line..Multiplexers are also called as "DATA SELECTORS".
De-Multiplexer(de-mux) :- De-multiplexer is a device which performs the reverse function of Multiplexer.It takes the digital information from a single line and distributes to a given number of output lines..
De-Multiplexers are also called as "DATA DISTRIBUTER"
Encoders :- Encoder is a combinational circuit which converts the decimal or octal to the coded form such as BCD.
Decoder :-Decoder is a device which converts the coded data into uncoded form..An AND gate is used as a decoding element because it produces the high output and all inputs are high..
2.Sequential circuits:-
These are the circuits whose output depends on the present input as well as the past output..The sequential Logic circuits have memory to store the output..
Flip-flops:-Flipflop is a bistable device that can reside in either of two states by the feedback arrangement.it is used to store one bit of data ..Hence flipflops are used in counters,registers,memories & shift registers..
Group of flipflops used for data storage is called as Register..
Applications of Flipflops:-
*Used in data storage devices
*Counters
*Registers and shift-registers
*Frequency devices..
Counters:-Flipflops which are connected together to perform the counting operations is called as counters..The njumber of Flip-flops deetermine the number of states and is called as modulus..
*Counters
*Registers and shift-registers
*Frequency devices..
Counters:-Flipflops which are connected together to perform the counting operations is called as counters..The njumber of Flip-flops deetermine the number of states and is called as modulus..
Counters are clissified into two categories, they are:-
*Asynchronous Counter
*Synchronous Counter
* Asynchronous Counter :-In Asynchronous Counter the first flipflop is clocked by an external clock pulse and then each successive flipflop is clocked by the output of the previous Flipflop.Therefore in this counterthe flipflops are not clocked simultaneously..Asynchronous Counter is also called as Ripple Counter..
*Synchronous Counter :-In Synchronous Counter the clock input is connected to all the flipflops and thus they are clocked simultaneously..
Shift Register :-Group of flipflops used where the data is stored and shifted from one Flipflop to the another Flipflop is called as Shift Register..
Hai frndz here is one of the intresting thing to tell u..
U all know that in some countries there is a lack of electricity due to lack of power generating stations..
And we all know that there are many ways to generate electricity but here is one of the amazing techonology which allows u to generate electricity just by walking..!
Kohei Hayamizu, a Japanese engineer has worked on this idea..
That is piezoelectricity "a property certain materials
which generate electric current when they are squeezed or pressed".
which generate electric current when they are squeezed or pressed".
This man has converted an square meter of ground in Japan into an electricity generator.And each time a person walks over this area electricity is generated.
In twenty days, with 9 lakh people passing over this area has generated an enough energy to power 1,422 televisions for an hour..!
And this man (Hayamizu) tells that similar systems could be installed on a wide range of scales, from small systems embedded on mobile phones, to huge systems installed on highways that would harness the electricity generated by the movement of cars and big trucks.
This is one of the future techonology which makes to generate electricity in a very easy way.
By this each and every city will get sufficient energy by just walking..!
Here is two videos which would explain u better about this concept..
1) Here is this video of Hayamizu a Japanese engineer testing this gadget.
Language: Japanese
2) Here is a another video of Generating energy from footsteps at a busy school
Language: English
What do u think about this..?
Please share ur valuable comments..!
Please share ur valuable comments..!
Logic Gate:-"Logic gate is an electronic circuit which operates on one or more input signals to perform a particular logical function and produce the perfect output"
Logic gates process signals which represent true or false. Normally the positive supply voltage +Vs represent true and 0V represents false.
Some important logic gates are: - AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, NAND gate, NOR gate, EX-OR gate, EX-NOR gate..
Based on properties Logic gates are further classified into two types:
1. Basic Logic gates.
2. Universal Logic gates.
1. Basic Gates:-the basic gates are:-
i) AND Gate.
ii) NOT Gate.
iii) OR Gate.
iv) Exclusive OR Gate. &
v) Exclusive NOR Gate.
AND Gate:-If anyone of the two inputs is false then the output 'y'i s also false (equal to zero)
if both inputs are true then the output 'y' is also true (1)..
There fore by the above condition the logic expression for AND gate is given by
"Y=A.B"
OR Gate:-In OR gate the output Y is true when any one of the input is true or both the inputs are true.
There fore the expression for OR gate is given by
"Y=A+B"
NOT gate (inverter):-The output Y is true when the input A is NOT true, the output is the inverse of the input: Y = inversion of A.A NOT gate have one input. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.
EX-OR (Exclusive-OR) gate:- The output Y is true if either input A is true OR input B is true, but not when both of them are true: Y= (A . B|) OR (A|.B) i.e. = A Ex-OR B.
This is like an OR gate but excluding both inputs being true.
The output is true if inputs A and B are DIFFERENT.
EX-OR gates can only have 2 inputs.
EX-NOR (Exclusive-NOR) gate:- This is an EX-OR gate with the output inverted, as shown by the 'o' on the output.
The output Y is true if inputs A and B are the SAME (either both are true or both false):
Y = (A .B) + (NOT A. NOT B) EX-NOR gate has 2 inputs.
2.Universal Logic gates: - These are the gates by which all other basic gates can be realized...
The two universal gates are 1.NAND Gate. 2. NOR Gate.
NAND gate (NAND = NOT+AND):- This is an AND gate with the output inverted, as shown by the 'o' on the output.
The output is true if input A & input B are NOT both true: Y= complement (A .B)
A NAND gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if NOT all inputs are true..
NOR gate (NOR = NOT +OR):-This is an OR gate with the output inverted, as shown by the 'o' on the output.
The output Y is true if inputs A OR B are true: Y = Complement (A + B)
A NOR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if no inputs are true.
The output Y is true if inputs A OR B are true: Y = Complement (A + B)
A NOR gate can have two or more inputs, its output is true if no inputs are true.
A digital family is a group of compatible devices with the same logic levels and supply voltages.The word compatible means that you connect the output of one device to the input of another device.
A digital family may be divided into two groups:
1)Bipolar Families:- These families include IC's with bipolar techonology.The bipolar category consists of the following families
a)Resistance transistor logic (RTL)
b)Diode transistor logic (DTL)
c)Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
d)Emittor coupled logic (ECL)
e)Integrated injuction logic (IIL)etc.
2)MOS families:- These families include IC's with MOS techonology.The MOS category consists of the following logic families
a)P-channel MOSFET's (PMOS)
b)N-channel MOSFET's (NMOS)
c)Complementary MOSFET's (CMOS)
Different versions of TTL are:-
1)Low power TTL(54L / 74L series)
2)High power TTL(54H / 74H series)
3)Schottky TTL(54S / 74S series)
4)Low power schottky TTL(54LS / 74LS series)
5)Advanced schottky TTL and Advanced low power schottky TTL(54AS / 74ALS)
Different versions of CMOS are:-
1)4000series CMOS
2)74series HC(High speed)
3)74series HCT(High speed CMOS TTL compatible)
4)VHC(Very high speed CMOS)
5)VHCT(Very high speed CMOS TTL compatible)
6)FCT(Fast CMOS TTL compatible)
An Integrated Circut (IC) is an electronic circut in which both the active and passive components are fabricated on an extremely small piece of silicon (called a chip).It is an integrated circut becz the components like transistors,diodes, resistors, etc. are an integral part of chip.Such a circut is different from a discrete circut in which the components are individually connected during assembly.
Digital IC's contain circuts whose input and output voltages are limited to two possible level (i.e) low (0) or high (1).
It is so becz digital signals are binary in nature.That is why, digital circuts are also know as switching circuts.
Digital IC's include circuts such as logic gates, flipflops, memories, counters, microprocessors, etc.
Depending on number of components fabricated on a single chip (i.e component density), IC's can be classified as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI.
1) Small Scale Integration (SSI) :-Small Scale Integration refers to IC's with less than 12 gates on the same chip. Examples include FlipFlops
2) Medium Scale Integration(MSI) :-Medium Scale Integration refers to IC's with 12 to 100 gates on the same chip.Examples include Adders, Registors, Counters, RAM's (Random Access Memory),
ROM's (Read only Memory), Code converters, Multiplexers, etc.
3) Large Scale Integration (LSI) :-Large Scale Integration refers to IC's with more than 100gates per chip.Examples include digital clock, calculators, etc.
4) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) :- Very Large Scale Integration refers to IC's with several hundered thousand gate per chip.Examples of VLSI IC's include Microprocessors, Memories, etc.
In the manufacturing of IC's two techniques are used :-
1) Bipolar techonology.
2) Metal Oxide Semiconductor(MOS) techonology.
The bipolar techonology fabricates bipolar transistors on a chip.It is faster one and is preffered for SSI and MSI.
The MOS techonology fabricates MOS Field Effect Transistor on a chip MOS techonology dominates the LSI and VLSI fields because more MOSFET's can be packed into the same chip area.That is component density is more in MOS IC's, but it is slower one.
