Resistor is the most basic electrical and electronic component, used in
electrical and electronic circuts.It is a passive but most important element.
Applications:A Resistor find many applications in electrical and electronic
circuts.It is used as
a)an electrical load
b)a current limiting device
c)a potentioal divider
d)a biasing element
e)a filter and timer in combination with capacitor
f)a relay coil in thermal relays
g)volume,brightness and tone controller in Radio and T.V. sets Etc.
Types of Resistors:-
1)Fixed Resistrors:-Resistors designed for a particular value and whose
value cannot be varied as and when required
Based on the method used and the method of construction, fixed Resistors are
further classified into
a)Wire wound resistors(WW Resistors)
b)Carbon composition resistors(CC Resistors)
c)Cracked carbon resistors or carbon film resistors
d)Metal oxide resistors
e)Metal film resistors.
2)Varible resistors:-Varible resistors are those whose resistance value can
be varied continuosly or in steps.They are requried to adjust the value of
current and voltage in electrical and electronic ciruts.
Based on the type of operation, varible resistors are further classified into
a)Continuosly varible resistors
(i)Potentiometers and (ii)Rehostats
b)Adjustable or preset resistors
(i)Decade resistance boxes
(ii)Thermistors
(iii)Varistors
3)A wire wonund resistor having one or more additional terminals along its
length generally for voltage divider applications is called tapped
resistors.
There are two types of tapped resistors they are
(i)Fixed tapped
(ii)Adjustable tapped
Capicator is anelectrical or electronic component which stores electricalenergy in the form of electric charges.Applications of Capacitor:-
a)to store electrical energy
b)to oppose change in the applied voltage
c)to block d.c and allow a.c to pass through it
d)to improve the p.f of a circut
e)to split the phase and start S/ph a.c motor
f)to bypass high frequency signals and block low frequency signals
g)in radio tuning circuts,oscilllators,bypass filters etc.
Types of capacitors:-
1)Fixed capacitors:-Capacitors designed for a particular value and whose
value cannot be varied as and when required.
Based onthe dielectric material used, fixed capacitors are further classified
as follows
(i)Mica capacitors
(ii)Cermic capacitors
(iii)Paper capacitors
(iv)Plastic film capacitors
(v)Electrolytic capacitors.
2)Adjustable capacitors:-A capacitor which is designed to adjust the value
of capacitance is called as adjustable capacitor.
3)Varible capacitor:-Varible Capacitors are those whose resistance value can
be varied continuosly or in steps.
An inductor is an electro-magnetic (coil) which opposes any change in the current flowing through it.It consists of number of turns of fine wire, wound in a spiral or cyclinderical form, to obain concentrated feild parallel
to the axis of the coil.
Applications of Inductors:-
a)Communication circuts
b)Radio and T.V circuts
c)Filter circuts
d)Telemetering equipment
e)Modulation and Demodulation circuts
f)Radar navigation devices
g)Tuning circuts to select the requried signal
h)Fluorescent lamp sets to create surge voltage etc.
Types of inductors
:-
1)Based on the core material used,inductors are classified as
a)Iron cored inductors-used for low frequency
b)Air cored inductors-used at high frequency
c)Powdered iron cored inductors
d)Ferrite cored inductors
e)Varaible inductors
2)Based on the operating frequency they are cllassified as
f)Audio frequency (AF) inductors
g)Radio frequency (RF) inductors.
A digital family is a group of compatible devices with the same logic levels and supply voltages.The word compatible means that you connect the output of one device to the input of another device.
A digital family may be divided into two groups:
1)Bipolar Families:- These families include IC's with bipolar techonology.The bipolar category consists of the following families
a)Resistance transistor logic (RTL)
b)Diode transistor logic (DTL)
c)Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
d)Emittor coupled logic (ECL)
e)Integrated injuction logic (IIL)etc.
2)MOS families:- These families include IC's with MOS techonology.The MOS category consists of the following logic families
a)P-channel MOSFET's (PMOS)
b)N-channel MOSFET's (NMOS)
c)Complementary MOSFET's (CMOS)
Different versions of TTL are:-
1)Low power TTL(54L / 74L series)
2)High power TTL(54H / 74H series)
3)Schottky TTL(54S / 74S series)
4)Low power schottky TTL(54LS / 74LS series)
5)Advanced schottky TTL and Advanced low power schottky TTL(54AS / 74ALS)
Different versions of CMOS are:-
1)4000series CMOS
2)74series HC(High speed)
3)74series HCT(High speed CMOS TTL compatible)
4)VHC(Very high speed CMOS)
5)VHCT(Very high speed CMOS TTL compatible)
6)FCT(Fast CMOS TTL compatible)
An Integrated Circut (IC) is an electronic circut in which both the active and passive components are fabricated on an extremely small piece of silicon (called a chip).It is an integrated circut becz the components like transistors,diodes, resistors, etc. are an integral part of chip.Such a circut is different from a discrete circut in which the components are individually connected during assembly.
Digital IC's contain circuts whose input and output voltages are limited to two possible level (i.e) low (0) or high (1).
It is so becz digital signals are binary in nature.That is why, digital circuts are also know as switching circuts.
Digital IC's include circuts such as logic gates, flipflops, memories, counters, microprocessors, etc.
Depending on number of components fabricated on a single chip (i.e component density), IC's can be classified as SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI.
1) Small Scale Integration (SSI) :-Small Scale Integration refers to IC's with less than 12 gates on the same chip. Examples include FlipFlops
2) Medium Scale Integration(MSI) :-Medium Scale Integration refers to IC's with 12 to 100 gates on the same chip.Examples include Adders, Registors, Counters, RAM's (Random Access Memory),
ROM's (Read only Memory), Code converters, Multiplexers, etc.
3) Large Scale Integration (LSI) :-Large Scale Integration refers to IC's with more than 100gates per chip.Examples include digital clock, calculators, etc.
4) Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) :- Very Large Scale Integration refers to IC's with several hundered thousand gate per chip.Examples of VLSI IC's include Microprocessors, Memories, etc.
In the manufacturing of IC's two techniques are used :-
1) Bipolar techonology.
2) Metal Oxide Semiconductor(MOS) techonology.
The bipolar techonology fabricates bipolar transistors on a chip.It is faster one and is preffered for SSI and MSI.
The MOS techonology fabricates MOS Field Effect Transistor on a chip MOS techonology dominates the LSI and VLSI fields because more MOSFET's can be packed into the same chip area.That is component density is more in MOS IC's, but it is slower one.
